P is father of Q. Since S is sister of Q, P is also father of S. T is brother of P. The brother of one's father is one's uncle. Therefore T is the uncle of S (just as T is the uncle of Q).

A is B's sister → same parents as B. C is B's (and A's) mother. D is C's father → D is A's maternal grandfather. Therefore A is D's granddaughter.

Starting facing north. Turn right → facing east. Walk 3 km east. Turn right → facing south. Walk 4 km south. She is now facing south. Two right turns from north = south.

Pythagoras: distance² = 5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169. Distance = √169 = 13 km. This is a 5-12-13 right triangle. The direct (shortest) distance is 13 km south-east of the starting point.

Using Pythagoras theorem: distance² = 4² + 3² = 16 + 9 = 25. Distance = √25 = 5 km. The man is 5 km from his starting point in a north-east direction. This is the classic 3-4-5 right triangle.

Mitosis, meiosis, and amitosis are all types of cell division. Photosynthesis is a metabolic process (food-making in plants) — not a form of cell division. Photosynthesis is the odd one out.

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata are all parts of the brain. The femur is the thigh bone — a bone in the skeletal system, completely unrelated to the brain. Femur is the odd one out.

Glucose, fructose, and sucrose are all carbohydrates (sugars). Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose. Insulin is the odd one out as it is not a carbohydrate.

Heart, lung, and kidney are all organs (discrete structures with specific functions). A tendon is connective tissue that connects muscle to bone — it is a tissue/structure, not an organ in the same sense. Tendon is the odd one out.

Penicillin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin are all antibiotics (used to treat bacterial infections). Paracetamol is an analgesic/antipyretic (pain reliever and fever reducer), not an antibiotic. Paracetamol is the odd one out.

A fracture (broken bone) is treated by an orthopaedic surgeon. A cataract (eye lens opacity) is treated by an ophthalmologist (eye specialist). The relationship is: disease/condition → specialist who treats it.

The kidney produces urine as its primary secretory product. The liver produces bile as its primary secretory product. Both are organs and their main secretory outputs.

Antivirals treat viral infections. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections. The relationship is: pathogen → medication that specifically targets that type of pathogen.

A thermometer measures temperature. A sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) measures blood pressure. Both are measuring instruments specific to particular physiological parameters.

A stethoscope is the primary diagnostic tool of a doctor (physician). A scalpel is the primary cutting tool of a surgeon. The relationship is: professional tool → specific healthcare professional who primarily uses it.

All nurses are caring + Some caring are efficient. We CANNOT directly conclude some nurses are efficient (the 'some caring' who are efficient may not be nurses) — Conclusion I doesn't necessarily follow. Conclusion II reverses the first statement incorrectly — not all caring are necessarily nurses. Neither conclusion definitively follows.

No fish is mammal + All whales are mammals → No whale is a fish (Conclusion I ✓ — whales are mammals, and no fish is mammal, so no whale can be a fish). All whales are mammals → Some mammals are whales (Conclusion II ✓ — simple conversion of universal affirmative gives particular affirmative). Both follow.

Some students are athletes (partial). All athletes are disciplined. Therefore: some students (those who are athletes) are disciplined — Conclusion I ✓. We CANNOT conclude ALL students are disciplined because only SOME are athletes — Conclusion II ✗. Only Conclusion I follows.

From 'All melons are apples' + 'No apples are mangoes' → No melons are mangoes (Conclusion I says ALL melons ARE mangoes — WRONG, it's opposite). Conclusion II: Apples are not mangoes — this directly restates the second premise ✓. Only Conclusion II is correct.

From 'All doctors are educated' + 'All educated are responsible' → All doctors are responsible (Conclusion I ✓ by syllogism). Since all educated are responsible, some responsible ARE educated (Conclusion II ✓ — converse of the second statement). Both conclusions follow.

A is the mother of B, and B (her son) is the husband of C — so A is C's mother-in-law. C is the daughter of D, making D and A related only through their children's marriage (a 'co-parents-in-law' relationship), which has no single standard English term. Note: none of the four given options precisely describes this relationship — this question appears to be flawed in the original source. The provided answer key marks 'Daughter-in-law' as correct, though this does not strictly follow from the stated relationships.

Z is son of W. Y is sister of Z (so Y is also child of W — daughter of W). X is brother of Y (so X is also child of W — son of W). Therefore X is the son of W.

P is Q's father. T is the brother of P. The brother of one's father is one's uncle. Therefore T is the uncle of Q. R is mother, S is sister — not uncle.

A is mother of B. C is child of B. So B is parent of C and A is parent of B. Therefore A is the grandmother of C (A's child's child = grandchild).

A is father of B. B (female) is sister of C. So A is also father of C. C is mother of D. Therefore A is the father of C, who is the mother of D. A is the grandfather of D.

These are perfect squares: 1²=1, 2²=4, 3²=9, 4²=16, 5²=25, 6²=36. The next term is 6 squared = 36.

Each letter decreases by 2: Z=26, X=24, V=22, T=20, R=18, P=16. The sequence skips one letter each time going backwards. Answer: P.

Each term is multiplied by 3: 3×3=9, 9×3=27, 27×3=81, 81×3=243. This is a geometric sequence with common ratio 3. Answer: 243.

Differences: 120-119=1, 119-117=2, 117-114=3, 114-110=4, next=5. So 110-5=105. The differences increase by 1 each time (1,2,3,4,5). Answer: 105.

Differences between terms: 6-2=4, 12-6=6, 20-12=8, 30-20=10; the differences increase by 2 each time, so the next difference is 12, giving 30+12=42. Alternatively, each term follows n(n+1): 1×2=2, 2×3=6, 3×4=12, 4×5=20, 5×6=30, 6×7=42.

Differences: A→C(+2), C→F(+3), F→J(+4), J→O(+5), O→U(+6). The gaps increase by 1 each time: +2, +3, +4, +5, +6. Next letter after O(15) +6 = 21 = U.

The gaps between consecutive letters follow the pattern +1, +2, +1, +2, +2: M→N (+1), N→P (+2), P→Q (+1), Q→S (+2), S→U (+2). Following this pattern, the next letter after S is U.

Speed = Distance/Time = 150/2.5 = 60 km/h. Average speed is total distance divided by total time.

Let original price = 100. After 20% increase = 120. After 20% decrease = 120 × 0.8 = 96. Net change = 96 - 100 = -4. The price decreases by 4%. Successive percentage changes are not additive.

This is inverse proportion. 3 nurses × 6 hours = 18 nurse-hours of work. 6 nurses × t = 18. t = 18/6 = 3 hours. Double the nurses, half the time.

Rate = 8 patients / 2 hours = 4 patients per hour. In 7 hours = 4 × 7 = 28 patients. Simple unitary method: (8/2) × 7 = 28.

Tank capacity = 240L. Current = 240 × 1/3 = 80L. Remaining space = 240 - 80 = 160 litres. The tank can hold 160 more litres.

Tank capacity = 300L. Current amount = 300 × 1/4 = 75L. Water needed = 300 - 75 = 225 litres to fill the tank completely.

Using contrapositive logic: If a student studied hard → passed. Equivalent: If did not pass → did not study hard. Zara did not pass, therefore Zara did not study hard. This is valid deductive reasoning (modus tollens).

The government's action of imposing travel restrictions directly supports the view that travel restrictions help control virus spread. The action implies the government believes restriction will reduce transmission. Options B, C, and D are contradicted by the government's decision.

The school's decision assumes a causal relationship — that eating breakfast CAUSES better performance, not merely correlates with it. The study only shows correlation. The school is assuming cause-and-effect, which may or may not be valid without further research.

The reasoning commits a correlation-causation fallacy. Fewer hospital patients in summer could be due to many reasons: people travel, milder illnesses, seasonal diseases decrease, etc. The conclusion that people are 'healthier' ignores these alternative explanations.

The proposal assumes that helmets effectively reduce head injuries (otherwise making them compulsory would serve no purpose). Option A is too extreme. Option C is factually incorrect. Option D is an overstatement. The core assumption is that helmets provide protection.

This is a classic syllogism. Major premise: All antibiotics kill bacteria. Minor premise: Penicillin is an antibiotic. Conclusion: Penicillin kills bacteria. This is a valid deductive conclusion. Option B adds information not in the premises. Option C overextends the conclusion.

Each letter +1: S+1=T, C+1=D, H+1=I, O+1=P, O+1=P, L+1=M → TDIPPM ✓. NURSE: N+1=O, U+1=V, R+1=S, S+1=T, E+1=F → OVSTF.

Each letter is shifted +1: H+1=I, E+1=F, A+1=B, L+1=M, T+1=U, H+1=I → IFBMUI ✓. Applying to DOCTOR: D+1=E, O+1=P, C+1=D, T+1=U, O+1=P, R+1=S → EPDUPS.

Each letter in the code is shifted forward by 1 position in the alphabet, confirmed by POWER→QPXFS (P+1=Q, O+1=P, W+1=X, E+1=F, R+1=S). Applying the same +1 shift to GUNED: G+1=H, U+1=V, N+1=O, E+1=F, D+1=E, giving the code HVOFE.

Each letter of the code is shifted back by 1 position in the alphabet. Applying this pattern to DOCTOR: D-1=C, O-1=N, C-1=B, T-1=S, O-1=N, R-1=Q, giving the code CNBSNQ.

Each letter is shifted +2 positions: M+2=O, A+2=C, N+2=P, G+2=I, O+2=Q. Applying same rule: A+2=C, P+2=R, P+2=R, L+2=N, E+2=G → CRRNG.

Each letter is shifted forward by 2 positions in the alphabet. D+2=F, O+2=Q, C+2=E, T+2=V, O+2=Q, R+2=T. Applying same rule: P+2=R, A+2=C, T+2=V, I+2=K, E+2=G, N+2=P, T+2=V → RCVKGPV.